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Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is susceptible to populist inclinations. Nonetheless, it is healthier than what one might expect.
The country is seeking a new paradigm of development. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for the ancestors and gendered family relationships continues to influence the society. There are signs that a secularist culture is gaining ground.
Origins
In prehistoric times, the ancestors of modern Koreans lived on hunting and gathering wild food. About 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet, beans and other crops. They also raised livestock and produced furs. These tribes formed tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also developed an industry of metallurgy, which produced bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced cedon, paper making, block printing art styles, and a written language to Japan.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established in the southern region of the peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. During this period the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure that included a monarch as well as top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the majority of the population was peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens, and sometimes forced them to serve in the army or to build fortifications.
At the close of this period, the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the region. Baekje adopted Confucian ideas into its state beliefs system in 1390 CE and established the male-centric notion of filiopiety a doctrine. Under the guise of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families, and had to be respected and obeyed by all people, even their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, who ruled from 918 to 1392 CE gave the world the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth when it was pronounced. This significantly improved the communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable type were also improved. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi, or 'History Of the Three Kingdoms' was first recorded in 1145 CE.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been continuously inhabited since Neolithic times. The earliest evidence for human settlements is evident in the form graves lined with stone, with precious goods like amazonite jewellery being buried along with the dead. Megalithic structures known as dolmens, built from huge single stones, are widespread throughout the country.
Gojoseon became the first political state to be recognized in the first half of 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was ruled by various states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC- 635 CE) including Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which most historians do not consider to be a valid Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje was the most powerful of these states, was diminished by the collapse of Goguryeo (676 CE) leaving only its southern territories in Manchuria, and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo as well as the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a while.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territories. Silla with the help of the Chinese, eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.
As Korea enters a post-crisis phase, its development paradigm seems to be in flux. People who are shocked by the huge cost of the old systems support a comprehensive program of liberalization of labor, capital and product markets. On the other hand, supporters of the old system seek to protect it by promoting nationalist sentiments and by stoking fears of job losses.
The academic and policy analysts remain starkly divided as to the extent to the extent that these two developments are driving Koreas shift towards an economic model that is radically different from the one of governance. This article analyzes the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development: illiberal democracies (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies the key factors that are driving these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made significant progress in promoting their views to this group. A survey in 2009 revealed that almost three-quarters of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those, 41% said there was not enough scientific evidence to support the theory 39% of respondents claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs; and 17 percent said they did not know what it meant. This level of doubt is similar to the United States where a similar percentage do not believe humans evolved from less advanced species of life.
In the past, the anti-evolutionist campaign in Korea was primarily focused on teaching students and bringing Christ to them. In 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the featured speakers. This event drew an impressive crowd of scientists, professors and church leaders.
The event's success led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st of 1980. The inauguration meeting was widely reported in the national press, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also attracted a lot of attention.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, in which it reported on its activities and published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated several films and slides from ICR and some books on the subject that were published outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks in churches and universities throughout the country.
One example of an KACR success story took place at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at the KAIST university in Seoul were so fascinated by creationism that they raised funds and received funding to build an enlightened museum on campus.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION, which covers topics in creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established local branches, which hold seminars and give talks to school children and other community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the late 19th century and the beginning of 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other fashion elements from overseas. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. In this period the samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, became popular with the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drums and other instruments.
Korea's new development paradigm is being developed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to strike the right balance between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also involves altering incentives, monitoring, or disciplining systems that have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4.
Baekje was founded by Onjo Prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions as well as migrant workers from northern China. In the early 4th more info century, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. In the process, it entered into frequent conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders along the border.
The fall of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries saw powerful local factions to rise. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and was in control of a portion of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He was a rival to Goguryeo.
However the rule of his was short-lived. After Gungye's defeat, he was overthrown by a powerful local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as a successor state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centrally-run system. This was the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. The Korean peninsula was later controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly grew into powerful states on the peninsula, and in Manchuria.